Elamipretide (SS-31): A Research Peptide with Mitochondrial Focus

Elamipretide, also known by its research code SS-31, is a synthetic peptide gaining interest in biochemical and mitochondrial research fields. Designed to selectively target and interact with mitochondria, Elamipretide’s unique structure allows it to localize within the inner mitochondrial membrane, potentially influencing cellular energy processes.

This peptide is widely used in preclinical studies investigating mitochondrial function, oxidative stress, and cellular bioenergetics. This article provides an overview of Elamipretide’s characteristics, mechanisms, and research applications — offering researchers and peptide enthusiasts an in-depth informational resource.

---

What is Elamipretide (SS-31)?

Elamipretide is a small, mitochondria-targeting tetrapeptide with the amino acid sequence D-Arg-dimethylTyr-Lys-Phe-NH2. It belongs to a class of cell-penetrating peptides specifically designed to accumulate in mitochondria, the cell’s powerhouses responsible for energy production.

SS-31 was developed to interact with cardiolipin, a phospholipid unique to the inner mitochondrial membrane, which plays a critical role in mitochondrial structure and function. This targeting is thought to protect mitochondria from oxidative damage and maintain bioenergetic efficiency in experimental models.

---

Chemical Structure and Properties

Elamipretide’s tetrapeptide sequence features synthetic modifications that enhance its stability and mitochondrial affinity. With a molecular weight of approximately 639 Daltons, SS-31 is water-soluble and readily permeates cell membranes, enabling effective mitochondrial localization.

Its positive charge and lipophilic properties facilitate interaction with negatively charged cardiolipin molecules, contributing to mitochondrial membrane stabilization.

---

Mechanism of Action in Research

Though research is ongoing, Elamipretide’s proposed mechanism centers on its interaction with cardiolipin, leading to:

• Reduction of mitochondrial oxidative stress: By stabilizing cardiolipin, SS-31 may reduce the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS).

• Preservation of mitochondrial bioenergetics: SS-31 is believed to support mitochondrial respiration efficiency and ATP production in laboratory settings.

• Improvement in mitochondrial dynamics: The peptide may influence mitochondrial morphology and membrane potential.

It’s important to emphasize that these findings arise mainly from cellular and animal studies. Elamipretide remains a peptide for research use only, with clinical efficacy and safety under ongoing investigation.

---

Research Applications of Elamipretide

Elamipretide is predominantly utilized in basic and translational research focused on mitochondrial health and dysfunction. Key areas of investigation include:

• Mitochondrial diseases: Studying peptide effects on mitochondrial membrane integrity and function.

• Oxidative stress models: Exploring the peptide’s antioxidant potential in cellular and animal models.

• Age-related cellular decline: Investigating SS-31’s role in ameliorating mitochondrial dysfunction in aging cells.

• Neurodegenerative research: Evaluating mitochondrial protection in neurobiology studies.

Its specificity and favorable biochemical profile make Elamipretide an attractive compound for researchers examining mitochondrial-targeted interventions.

---

Handling and Storage Guidelines

For laboratory use, Elamipretide is typically supplied as a lyophilized powder. Proper storage and handling are critical to maintain peptide stability:

• Store lyophilized Elamipretide at –20°C or colder.

• Reconstitute with sterile bacteriostatic water or saline prior to use.

• Avoid repeated freeze-thaw cycles to prevent degradation.

• Use freshly reconstituted peptide within recommended experimental timeframes.

Strict adherence to handling protocols ensures consistent experimental results.

---

Safety and Compliance

Elamipretide is designated as a research peptide and is not approved for human therapeutic use. All handling and use should comply with institutional guidelines and regulatory standards governing research chemicals.

Users are advised to follow appropriate safety protocols, including the use of personal protective equipment (PPE) and safe disposal methods.

---

Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs)

Q: Is Elamipretide available for clinical use?
A: Currently, Elamipretide is intended strictly for research purposes and has not received regulatory approval for clinical treatments.

Q: How does Elamipretide target mitochondria?
A: The peptide’s sequence enables selective binding to cardiolipin, a phospholipid in the inner mitochondrial membrane.

Q: Can Elamipretide cross cell membranes?
A: Yes, SS-31’s design allows it to penetrate cell membranes and localize within mitochondria.

Q: How should Elamipretide be stored?
A: Store the lyophilized peptide at –20°C, reconstitute with sterile water or saline, and avoid freeze-thaw cycles.

---

Conclusion

Elamipretide (SS-31) represents a specialized mitochondria-targeting peptide with significant potential for advancing research into mitochondrial biology and oxidative stress. While its full mechanisms and applications are still under investigation, SS-31 is a valuable tool for scientists studying cellular energy processes and mitochondrial integrity.

For researchers and peptide enthusiasts, Elamipretide offers a promising avenue for exploring mitochondrial dynamics, bioenergetics, and the molecular basis of cellular aging and disease.